1. Working principle:
When ultrasonic waves propagate in liquids, local negative pressure is generated to form tiny bubbles (cavitation bubbles). When the bubbles burst, high-temperature and high-pressure shock waves and microjets are released, instantly destroying the algae cell walls. The vibration and stirring of ultrasonic waves accelerate the movement of solvent molecules and enhance the solvent's ability to penetrate and dissolve intracellular substances. The energy of ultrasonic waves is converted into heat energy, which increases the temperature of the extraction system and promotes the diffusion of active ingredients.

2. Specific steps for extracting essences from algae
Algae pretreatment
Cleaning: Remove impurities and salts from the surface of algae.
Drying: Reduce the moisture content by freeze drying or vacuum drying to facilitate crushing.
Crushing: Crush the algae to a certain particle size (such as 40-80 mesh) to increase the specific surface area and improve the extraction efficiency.
Solvent selection
Select the solvent according to the polarity of the target component, such as:
Polar components (such as polysaccharides, proteins): water, ethanol-water mixed solvents.
Non-polar components (such as lipids): chloroform, ethyl acetate.
The amount of solvent used is generally 10-20 times the mass of algae.

3. Ultrasonic extraction operation
Equipment parameter settings:
Power: 200-800 W (adjusted according to algae species and target components).
Frequency: 20-40 kHz (low frequency is suitable for cell disruption, high frequency is suitable for component dissolution).
Temperature: 25-60 ℃ (avoid high temperature to destroy heat-sensitive components).
Time: 10-60 minutes (dynamically adjusted according to the progress of extraction).

Operation process:
Mix the pretreated algae powder with the solvent and place it in the extraction kettle of the ultrasonic extractor.
Start the ultrasonic generator and start extraction after setting the parameters.
The extraction process can be assisted by stirring or circulating flow to enhance the mass transfer effect.

Post-treatment
Filtration: Use filter paper or filter membrane to remove algae residues.
Concentration: Remove the solvent by rotary evaporation or reduced pressure distillation to obtain a concentrated extract.

Purification: Use column chromatography, membrane separation and other technologies to further purify the target components as needed.